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Definition
By Mayo Clinic staffChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it increasingly difficult for you to breathe.
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two main conditions that make up COPD, but COPD can also refer to damage caused by chronic asthmatic bronchitis. In all cases, damage to your airways eventually interferes with the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your lungs.
COPD is a leading cause of death and illness worldwide. Most COPD is caused by long-term smoking and can be prevented by not smoking or quitting soon after you start. Damage to your lungs can't be reversed, so treatment focuses on controlling symptoms and minimizing further damage.
- Standards for the diagnosis and management of patients with COPD. American Thoracic Society. http://www.thoracic.org/sections/copd/resources/copddoc.pdf. Accessed Jan. 15, 2009.
- Gigliotti F, et al. Breathing retraining and exercise conditioning in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A physiological approach. Respiratory Medicine. 2003;97:197.
- What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/lung/copd/what-is-copd/index.htm. Accessed Jan. 15, 2009.
- Pocket guide to COPD diagnosis, management and prevention. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. http://www.goldcopd.com/Guidelineitem.asp?l1=2&l2=1&intId=1116. Accessed Jan. 15, 2009.
- Sutherland ER, et al. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;350:2589.
- COPD Fact Sheet. American Lung Association. COPD Fact Sheet.http://www.lungusa.org/site/c.dvLUK9O0E/b.252866/k.A435/COPD_Fact_Sheet.htm. Accessed Jan. 15, 2009.
- Tiep BL, et al. Long-term supplemental oxygen therapy. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed Jan. 15, 2009.
