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By Mayo Clinic staffDressler's syndrome is thought to develop from an overactive immune system response to heart tissue damage, such as from a heart attack or heart surgery. Your body reacts to the injured tissue as it would to any injury, by sending immune cells and proteins called antibodies to clean up and repair the affected area. But this response appears to cause excessive inflammation in the sac enveloping the heart (pericardium), and the symptoms of Dressler's syndrome develop.
Some older studies estimated that Dressler's syndrome developed in about 3 percent to 4 percent of people who'd had a heart attack. But because of improvements in the treatment of heart attack — which reduce the amount of damage done to heart tissue — the occurrence of Dressler's syndrome today is less common.