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Risk factors
By Mayo Clinic staffVarious factors increase the risk of miscarriage, including:
- Age. Women older than age 35 have a higher risk of miscarriage than do younger women. At age 35, you have about a 20 percent risk. At age 40, the risk is about 40 percent. And at age 45, it's about 80 percent. Paternal age also may play a role. Some studies indicate that the chance of miscarriage is higher if a woman's partner is age 35 or older, with the chance increasing as men age.
- More than two previous miscarriages. The risk of miscarriage is higher in women with a history of two or more previous miscarriages. After one miscarriage, your risk of miscarriage is the same as that of a woman who's never had a miscarriage.
- Chronic conditions. Women with certain chronic conditions, such as diabetes or thyroid disease, have a higher risk of miscarriage.
- Uterine or cervical problems. Certain uterine abnormalities or a weak or unusually short cervix may increase the risk of miscarriage.
- Smoking, alcohol and illicit drugs. Women who smoke or drink alcohol during pregnancy have a greater risk of miscarriage than do nonsmokers and women who avoid alcohol during pregnancy. Illicit drug use also increases the risk of miscarriage.
- Invasive prenatal tests. Some prenatal genetic tests, such as chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis, carry a slight risk of miscarriage.
References
- Tulandi T, et al. Spontaneous abortion: Risk factors, etiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic evaluation. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed Aug. 13, 2008.
- Tulandi T. Patient information: Miscarriage. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed Aug. 13, 2008.
- Miscarriage. March of Dimes. http://www.marchofdimes.com/printableArticles/681_1192.asp?printable=true. Accessed Aug. 13, 2008.
- Early pregnancy loss: Miscarriage and molar pregnancy. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. http://www.acog.org/publications/patient_education/bp090.cfm. Accessed Aug. 14, 2008.
- Blighted ovum. American Pregnancy Association. http://www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancycomplications/blightedovum.html. Accessed Aug. 14, 2008.
- Puscheck EE, et al. The impact of male factor on recurrent pregnancy loss. Current Opinions in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2007;19(3):222-228.
- Tulandi T, et al. Spontaneous abortion: Management. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed Aug. 13, 2008.
- Cytotec (prescribing information). New York, N.Y.: Pfizer; 2006.
- Cunningham, FG. First-trimester abortion. In: Schorge JO, et al. Williams Gynecology. 1st ed. New York, N.Y.: The McGraw Hill Companies; 2008. http://accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=514. Accessed Aug. 13, 2008.
- Misoprostol: Drugdex DrugPoint Summary. Micromedex Healthcare Series. http://www.micromedex.com/. Accessed Sept. 19, 2008.
- Sifakis S, et al. High-dose misoprostol used in outpatient management of first trimester spontaneous abortion, Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2005;272(3):183-186.
- Blum J, et al. Treatment of incomplete abortion and miscarriage with misoprostol. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007;99(2)(suppl):S186-S189.
- Stephenson M, et al. Evaluation and management of recurrent early pregnancy loss. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2007;50(1):132-45.
- Patient's fact sheet: Recurrent pregnancy loss. www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/recurrent_preg_loss.pdf. Accessed Sept. 25, 2008.
