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Pregnancy and diabetes: From conception to birth
Pregnancy and diabetes presents unique challenges. Here's what you need to know to deliver a healthy baby.
By Mayo Clinic staffWhether you have type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes, pregnancy presents unique challenges. Naturally, you're concerned about the effect diabetes may have on your health and your baby's health. But there's much you can do to promote a healthy pregnancy. Here's what you need to know about pregnancy and diabetes — and delivering a healthy baby.
Pregnancy and diabetes: Your health care team
Your diabetes health care team likely includes an endocrinologist or other diabetes specialist, a diabetes educator and a registered dietitian. As your pregnancy progresses, your health care team can help you manage your blood sugar level and adjust your diabetes treatment plan as needed.
During pregnancy, you may need to consult other specialists as well:
- An obstetrician. Choose an obstetrician who handles high-risk pregnancies and has cared for other pregnant women who have diabetes. Your obstetrician will carefully monitor your health and your baby's health throughout the pregnancy.
- An eye specialist. An eye specialist can monitor diabetes-related damage to the small blood vessels in your eyes, which can progress during pregnancy.
- A pediatrician. You may want to establish a relationship with the doctor who will care for your baby after he or she is born.
The goal: Tight blood sugar control
Controlling your blood sugar level is the best way to prevent diabetes complications. In fact, when it comes to pregnancy and diabetes, blood sugar control is more important than ever.
Consider what good blood sugar control during pregnancy can do:
- Reduce the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth. Good blood sugar control reduces the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth, the primary concerns for pregnancy and diabetes.
- Reduce the risk of birth defects. Good blood sugar control during early pregnancy greatly decreases your baby's risk of birth defects, particularly those affecting the brain, spine and heart.
- Reduce the risk of excess growth. If you have poor blood sugar control, extra glucose can cross the placenta. This triggers your baby's pancreas to make extra insulin, which can cause your baby to grow too large (macrosomia). A large baby makes vaginal delivery difficult and puts the baby at risk of injury during birth. Fortunately, keeping your blood sugar under control can make excess growth less likely.
- Prevent complications for mom. Good blood sugar control decreases the risk of high blood pressure and other potentially serious pregnancy complications. Good blood sugar control also keeps existing diabetes complications — especially eye disease (retinopathy) — from getting worse.
- Prevent complications for baby. Sometimes babies of mothers who have diabetes develop low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) shortly after birth because their own insulin production is high. Good blood sugar control can help assure that your baby is born with a healthy blood sugar level. Good blood sugar control also helps prevent a yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes (jaundice) after birth.
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