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By Mayo Clinic staffMild thrombocytopenia typically has no long-lasting effects. The biggest risk of severe thrombocytopenia is bleeding into the brain or digestive tract, which although rare, can be life-threatening. Complications more often arise from the conditions that cause thrombocytopenia. For example, the kidney failure that accompanies hemolytic uremic syndrome may require lifelong treatment if damage to the kidneys is permanent.